 |
|
|
Section IV - Jefferson & Bonaparte Share Their Views
 |
Match the dates with the
events pertaining to the ownership of the Louisiana
Territory: |
| 1800
1762
1682
1803
1783
1763 |
French Explorer La Salle
claims the country drained by the
Mississippi River
and her tributaries in the name of the French King Louis XIV (thus
the name
Louisiana)
Louisiana
territory east of the
Mississippi
(including
New Orleans) ceded to
Spain
Louisiana
territory east of
Mississippi
territory ceded to
Great Britain
Following the American Revolution,
British possessions east of the Mississippi
and south of Canada
become
territory
of the United States
Treaty of San Ildefonso gives
original providence of Louisiana
to France
Napoleon sells Louisiana including
New Orleans to United States |
|
 |
Create
a series of maps or an overlay system of maps to indicate the various
changes in ownership of the Louisiana
Territory.
What was so important about New Orleans that when Jefferson learned that the territory of
Louisiana had been transferred from Spain to France, he sent Robert R. Livingston to
France in 1801 to try to purchase New Orleans from Napoleon?
|
British
poet William Wordsworth (1770-1850) wrote the following sonnet entitled To
Toussaint L'Ouverture (published in January 1803)
|
|
TO TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE
TOUSSAINT, the most unhappy of men!
Whether the whistling Rustic tend his plough
Within thy hearing, or thy head be now
Pillowed in some deep dungeon's earless den; -
O miserable Chieftain! where and when
Wilt thou find patience? Yet die not; do thou
Wear rather in thy bonds a cheerful brow:
Though fallen thyself, never to rise again,
Live, and take comfort. Thou hast left behind
Powers that will work for thee; air, earth, and skies;
There's not a breathing of the common wind
That will forget thee; thou hast great allies;
Thy friends are exultations, agonies,
And love, and man's unconquerable mind.
|
|
|
What is the significance of this poem?
Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture and what role did he play on
Haiti?

Click
image for larger version.
|
In December 1492 Christopher Columbus claimed the island
of
La
isla espanola (now called
Hispaniola)
for Spain. Locate this island on the globe and write a description of where it is
located using landmarks such as oceans, continents, islands, etc.

Click image to view larger version |
In 1697 with the Treaty of Ryswick the island
of Hispaniola
was divided into Spanish Santo Domingo and French St. Domingue (Haiti).
This French colony for over 100 years will export to the
mother country sugar, rum, coffee and cotton provided by slave labor. The
slave population towards the end of the 18th century has been
estimated at 500,000. Inspired by the American Revolution of “Life,
Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness” (Declaration of Independence) and the
French Revolution of "Liberté,
égalité, fraternité," (Rights of
Man and The Citizen) what would you expect to take place on Haiti?
|
Toussaint L'Ouverture
presented the Saint-Domingue Constitution
of 1801 (also referred to as Toussaint L'Ouverture's Constitution)
on July 8th, 1801 to the inhabitants of Haiti, sending a copy to Napoleon. Napoleon
was far from pleased. Writing
to Toussaint he indicated that
the document "...contains some [provisions] that are contrary to
the dignity and sovereignty of the French people, of which Saint-Dominigue
forms only a portion."
Review the Constitution
to determine which provisions Napoleon was referring to.

Click image for larger version. |
A copy of this Constitution was sent
by Tobias Lear, U.S. Consul to Saint-Domingue, to
James Madison, U.S. Secretary of State with a letter stating that "A
new and important Symbol Aera has commenced here. A Constitution has been
formed for the Government of this Island, by Deputies called together for
that purpose by the General in Chief. It was read in public, with great
parade, on the 7th instant. The papers which I send you will shew the
Addresses which preceded and followed the reading. It is not yet printed
from the public. It declares Genl. Toussaint Louverture Governor for
life, with the power of naming his successor. It is to be submitted to the
French Republic for approbation; but in the meantime, it is to have effect
here in the Island."
Click
here for full transcript of Lear's
letter.
|
What response do you think
this Constitution received from Thomas Jefferson? From the American people?
|
In January 1802 Napoleon sent troops to Haiti
under the leadership of his brother-in-law Charles Leclerc (Pauline’s husband) to reclaim the colony with the purpose of restoring order and the plantation economy. In May 1802 Toussaint signs a treaty with the French under the condition that slavery will not be reinstated. Toussaint and his family are
then seized and sent to
France. Toussaint is imprisoned in Fort de Joux in
Doubs, France on August 25, 1802.
What information can you gather from the following primary
source? (Use this Document
Analysis Worksheet to assist you.) |
 |
|
On Board the [Le] Hero[s],
1 Thermidor, an X. [
July 12, 1802]
General Toussaint L'Ouverture to General Bonaparte, First Consul of the
French
Republic
.
CITIZEN FIRST CONSUL: I will not conceal my faults from you. I have
committed some. What man is exempt? I am quite ready to avow them. After
the word of honor of the Captain-General [General Leclerc] who represents the French
Government, after a proclamation addressed to the colony, in which he
promised to throw the veil of oblivion over the events which had taken
place in Saint Domingo, I, as you did on the 18th Brumaire,
withdrew into the bosom of my family. Scarcely had a month passed away,
when evil-disposed persons, by means of intrigues, effected my ruin with
the General-in-chief, by filling his mind with distrust against me. I
received a letter from him which ordered me to act in conjunction with
General Brunet. I obeyed. Accompanied by two persons, I went to Gonaïves, where I was arrested. They sent me on board the
frigate Creole, I know not for what reason, without any other
clothes than those I had on. The next day my house was exposed to pillage;
my wife and my children
were arrested; they had nothing, not even the means to cover themselves.
Citizen First Consul: A mother fifty years of age may deserve the
indulgence and the kindness of a generous and liberal nation. She has no
account to render. I alone ought to be responsible for my conduct to the
Government I have served. I have too high an idea of the greatness and the
justice of the First Magistrate of the French people, to doubt a moment of
its impartiality. I indulge the feeling that the balance in its hands will
not incline to one side more than to another. I claim its generosity.
Salutations and respect,
Toussaint L'Ouverture
|
French Minister
of Marine and the Colonies, Admiral Denis Decrès (1761-1820), wrote this letter to the Commandant of the prison where
Toussaint was placed. What
information can you gather from this primary source?
(Use this Document
Analysis Worksheet to assist you.)
|
Minister of the Marine to the Commandant at Fort de Joux
5 Brumaire, Year X (October 27, 1802)
I received your letter of 26 Vendémiare relative to the prisoner of state
Toussaint Louverture. The First Consul charged me to make known to you
that you will respond with your head for his person. Toussaint
Louverture has no right to any consideration other than that demanded
by humanity. Hypocrisy is a vice as familiar to him as honor and
loyalty are to you, Citizen Commandant. His conduct since his
detention is such as to have fixed your opinions on what one should
expect of him. You have seen yourself that he sought to fool you, and
you were in fact fooled by the admission to his presence of one of his
satellites disguised as a doctor.
You should not restrict yourself to what you've done in order to
assure yourself that he has neither money nor jewels. You must search
everywhere to assure yourself and examine to make sure that he
hasn’t hidden or buried any in his prison. Take his watch from him.
If this is agreeable to him, this need can be met by establishing in
his room one of those cheap clocks that are good enough to show the
passing of time. If he is sick, the health officer best known by you
must alone care for him and see him, but only when it’s necessary
and in your presence, and with the greatest precautions so that these
visits don’t in any way go beyond the sphere of what is most indispensable.
The only way Toussaint would have to see his lot improved would be
for him to set aside his dissimulation. His personal interests, the
religious sentiments with which he should have been penetrated for the
expiation of the evil he has done, imposed on him the obligation of
truthfulness. But he is far from fulfilling it, and by his continual
dissimulation he approaches those who approach him with interest in
his lot. You can tell him he can be tranquil concerning the lot of his
family; its existence is committed to my care and they want for
nothing.
I presume that you have put away from him everything that could
bear any relation to a uniform. Toussaint is his name; it’s the only
denomination that should be given him. A warm garment, gray or brown,
large and comfortable, and a round hat should be his apparel. When he
brags of having been a general he does nothing but recall his crimes,
his hideous conduct, and his tyranny over Europeans. He merits then,
nothing but the most profound contempt for his ridiculous pride.
I salute you.
Source: Schoelcher, Victor (1889). Vie de Toussaint Louverture.
Paris: Paul Ollendorf.
Translated by Mitch Abido
|
|
Before his death in prison on April 7, 1803 Toussaint wrote his autobiography.
It was first published by by M. Saint-Remy in Mémoires de la Vie
de Toussaint L'Ouverture, in Paris in 1850. This memoir was first
translated and published in English in Toussaint
L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography by John R. Beard
in 1863.
What information can you
gather from this excerpt? (Use this Document
Analysis Worksheet to assist you.)
|
 |
|
In the dungeon of Fort Joux, this 30 Fructidor, an XI. (17th September,
1802)
GENERAL, AND FIRST
CONSUL,
The respect and the submission which I could
wish forever graven on my heart [here words are wanting as if
obliterated by tears (Beard)].
If I have sinned in doing my duty, it is contrary to my intentions; if I
was wrong in forming the constitution, it was through my great desire to do
good; it was through having employed too much zeal, too much self-love,
thinking I was pleasing the Government under which I was; if the
formalities which I ought to have observed were neglected, it was through
inattention. I have had the misfortune to incur your wrath, but as to
fidelity and probity, I am strong in my conscience, and I dare affirm, that
among all the servants of the state no one is more honest than myself. I
was one of your soldiers, and the first servant of the Republic in St.
Domingo; but now I am wretched, ruined, dishonored, a victim of my own
services; let your sensibility be moved at my position. You are too great
in feeling and too just not to pronounce a judgment as to my destiny. I
charge General
Cafarelli, your aide-de-camp, to put my report into your hands. I beg
you to take it into your best consideration. His honor, his frankness have
forced me to open my heart to him.
Salutation
and respect,
|
Using the information you collected from the
three primary sources above, write an obituary for Toussaint L'Oueverture.
(Students can use a modern day obituary as an example.
|
|